During the Industrial Revolution, the U.S. experienced a 3rd wave of immigration, ultimately representing a quarter of the population. These young, new immigrants represented many more nationalities, ethnicities and religions than ever before. Most Europeans passed through New York City, where the federal govt opened an immigration station, Ellis Island. Asians typically passed through Angel Island near San Francisco. Immigrants tended to stay close to their ports of entry, especially Northern population centers, often congregating in ethnic enclaves. Many Americans opposed their entry into the country; the Nativists. Federal restrictions began in 1875, and the 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act soon barred immigration from China. In the late 1800s and early 1900s, industrialized cities faced major problems that the government and private charity were unable or unwilling to address. Social Darwinism did not want to assist people they felt were weak in an evolutionary sense. Reform Darwinism sought to assist at a societal level. The Social Gospel movement was a Protestant Christian effort to fill this void. Organizations like the YMCA and the Salvation Army wanted to meet the spiritual and physical needs of the urban working class. Settlement houses were staffed by middle-class women who hoped to share their education with the local poor. The Social Gospel movement merged into politics with the Progressive movement and into academics. We discussed attempts to fight corruption in politics (initiatives, referendums, recalls & the 17th Amendment), big business and journalists who exposed corruption - the "muckrakers." The fight for women's suffrage, the Temperance Movement and the passage of the 18th Amendment in 1919.