On September 17, 1787, the Constitutional Convention submitted its proposal for a new constitution to Congress. Federalists (supporters of the Constitution) and Anti-federalists (against the Constitution) in the various states debated this new, proposed Constitutional government. In New York, the Federalists Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay wrote a series of essays supporting the Constitution, later published as the Federalist Papers. One of the major concerns of the Anti-federalists was the absence of a ''bill of rights'' which would guarantee certain human rights. The Federalists argued that such a bill of rights could be added later. (And it was.) The new Constitution was ratified when New Hampshire became the ninth state to do so in June 1788. In May 1790, Rhode Island was the last state to ratify the Constitution after first rejecting it. Once ratified, the U.S. Constitution quickly alters American democracy and elevates the American federal government.