An essay response may demonstrate a complex understanding in a variety of ways: 1) Explaining the nuance of an issue by analyzing multiple variables, 2) Explaining both similarity and difference, or by explaining both continuity and change, explaining multiple causes, or explaining cause and effect. 3) Explaining relevant and insightful connections within and across periods, 4) Confirming the validity of an argument by corroborating multiple perspectives across themes, 5) Qualifying or modifying an argument by considering diverse or alternative views or evidence. Remember, this understanding must be part of the argument, not merely a phrase or a reference! I emailed these reminders to Joshua after class today, as well.