The requirement of a potential difference needed for a current to flow, and the need for an electric "pump" to continue the flow was related to how water flows in a fountain. The electric current is the flow of conducting electrons through a wire, with the net charge being zero. Amperes (AMPS) was listed as the units of measure for current, Voltage the unit of measure for potential difference and Ohms the unit for resistance. Voltage sources shown to be batteries or generators, which allows the charge to move steadily. Voltage causes current to flow.

A review of electric charge, electric field surrounding the charge, and relating it to gravitational field... Electric field is a vector quantity, with magnitude and directions. Discussion of how the magnitude is affected by the charge size... We reviewed gravitational potential energy, and related it to electrical potential energy. We determined the work done in moving a single charge against an electrical field. Differentiation between electric potential energy and electric potential was discussed. The unit of the volt was introduced, along with voltage. Electric potential was shown as the total electrical potential energy/unit of charge. A short video was shared showing how a capacitor works.

Define and explain the electrical force field by relating it to the gravitational force field and the magnetic force field. The force field holds in orbit an electron, which is in contact everywhere with the electrical field of a proton. Electrical fields are vector quantities with magnitude and direction. A gravitational field is affected by the size of the masses, and an electrical field is affected by the magnitude of the charge. Discuss the direction of the force, and that it emanates from a positive to a negative particle. Relate the electrical potential energy to work done in moving a particle against the field. Compare it to the gravitational potential energy.

Introductory lesson on lenses: The definition of a lens which involves transparency, shape, and affect on light.... The 4 general shapes of lenses, divided into 2 categories... The shape of a convex lens based on 2 prism's sitting base on base,and how light is refracted through each prism to a point... The principle parts of a convex lens which included the principal axis, the focal point, the focal length, the focal plane and the center of curvature...

Review of conductors and insulators, the movement of electrons... Diagrams of charging by friction and contact showing the transfer of electrons from a charged object to a neutral conductor... Charging by polarization, utilizing a charged object placed near an insulator, and the movement of charges... The review section at the end of the chapter was discussed and about 6-7 questions on each sub section was answered from the end of the chapter. One question requiring the use of Coulomb's formula was worked to find the strength of a charge between objects.

A review of the universal gravitational law and the size of the constant G. Coulomb's law was written and shown to be an inverse square relationship like Newton's gravitational equation. The equations are very much alike, Gravity being F=Gxm1m2/d squared and electrical force being F = k q1q2/d squared. The electrical force is millions of times stronger than the gravitational force.
The unit of charge is the Coulomb (C). 1C = 6.24 x10>18 electrons. The value of k and the value of a charge on an electron and/or proton was discussed, along with a problem involving the electrical force formula. Insulators and conductors was discussed in terms of electron roaming, along with methods of charging a static electrical object.

Origins of electrical charge... The properties of attraction and repulsion between electrons, protons, electrons and electrons, and protons and protons. A review of ions, movement of electrons and conservation of charge...

Introduction to electrostatics... Explanation of it as a strong force, comparing it to gravity... It involves both attraction and repulsion. The origin being atomic particles, the proton positive nucleus and the electron negative energy levels.

The formation of an image using a microscope. The enlarged, inverted, and virtual image formed by a microscope was diagrammed using the ray diagram method.The ray diagram for each lens, the objective lens and the ocular lens, was done individually, and then the final image was shown.

The image formed by a magnifying lens was ray diagrammed and shown to be a virtual, upright larger image when the object distance is less than the focal length of the lens. The anatomy of the eye was shown from diagrams, stressing the parts involved in the refraction of the light, those parts being the cornea and the lens. The area of the eye containing the light receptors , the retina, also being where the refracted rays of light converge to in a normal vision eye. The image seen is inverted (minus), real and smaller than the object. Farsightedness and nearsightedness were explained in relation to where the refracted light rays converge, and why near vision or far vision is blurry. The correction using a convex lens or concave lens was drawn to indicate the refraction correction done to allow convergence to the focal point on the retina.