Discuss the early work of Becquerel and Rutherford in defining radioactivity and radioactive substances. Introduce radioactive particles and rays. Define and discuss alpha particles as consisting of a helium nucleus. Define transmutation. Work the alpha particle decay for uranium, plutonium and radium. Indicate each new nuclei formed, how to determine the nuclei using alpha decay numbers.

Define and discuss mass deficit. A helium nucleus contains 2 protons and 2 neutrons. Using the established mass of the proton and neutron determine what the assembled mass should be. Compare this with the actual mass measured and determine the mass deficit, the difference between the actual and the measured. Use the figures to determine the energy in joules. Discuss the binding energy/nucleus with iron-56 as the nuclei most stable. Discuss how the transmutation occurring for nuclei greater than 56 lead to a greater stability as the nuclei.

Review and discuss binding energy and why the mass of the assembled nucleons is less than the mass of the individual nucleons. Elicit that the stability of the nuclei increase from mass hydrogen, mass1 up to iron mass 56. After mass 56 the stability decreases. Nuclei greater than 56 will attempt to become more stable by transmutation into atoms with nuclei less closer to 56. Use uranium as the example, U-238 transmutes into Th-234/

Review alpha and beta particles and gamma rays. Discuss the nuclear strong force between protons and neutrons. Determine that the force acts over a short distance, about the radius or a proton. Elicit that the force holds the protons and neutrons in the nucleus. Determine that work must be done to remove a nucleon from the nucleus, which requires energy to do the work. Elicit that the total energy of the nucleus, the assembled energy, is less than the sum of the energy of the nucleons. The difference is the binding energy of the nucleus. Develop that according to Einstein, the mass and energy are two sides of the same coin, and energy is determined from E=mc^2.

Outline why certain nuclei are stable. Define and discuss radioactivity as the decay of unstable nuclei. Introduce natural and induced radioactivity. List and discuss alpha and beta particles along with gamma rays. Discuss the nuclear strong force which prevents the nucleus from breaking apart due to electromagnetic repulsion. Elicit binding energy calculated by the difference between the energy of the assembled nucleus and the energy of the individual nucleons which comprise the nucleus. Discuss that it is always a negative number and is expressed by E=mc^2,

We worked to determine the diameter of atomic particles by probability of collisions using marbles. The formula of P=2N(R+r)/L and P+ H/T is used to determine the diameter.

Utilize the complete set of circuit requirements and parts which are all self attaching. Circuits are set up to demonstrate a light controlled motors, which can vary the speed by controlling the amount of light which enters the sensor. Development and set up of a radio system. Snap together circuits to show parallel and series circuits which can be controlled by sound.

Define and discuss nucleons. Elicit why the nuclear positive charged protons do not cause the nucleus to fly apart. Introduce the strong attractive face, which balances the repulsive force of the protons. Introduce the neutron/proton ratio. Elicit that nuclei are stable when the ratio is very close to 1:!. Us examples like carbon and oxygen. Determine that elements with greater than 82 protons are unstable.

Review neutron/proton ratio required for nuclear stability. Define and discuss radioactivity as the decay of unstable nuclei. Introduce how this decays occurs through alpha particles, beta particles and gamma rays. Define each type of particle and ray and show the symbol use for all of them

Discuss the atomic nuclei and why the nucleus does not fly apart. Introduce the concept of the "strong force" which is an attractive force between nucleons. List and discuss 4 empirical rules for stability of the nucleus. Give examples of each. Stress how the ratio of neutrons to protons in the nucleus will determine stability.