Today, we learned that in addition to the glands of the endocrine system, many other non-glandular organs and tissues in the body produce hormones as well. Heart, kidneys, or adipose are just some examples of organs that produce hormones.

Locate and discuss the making up of the shoulder, upper arm, and lower arm. Utilizing diagrams and a model, see how the clavicle articulates with the scapula laterally and with the sternum medially. The functions of the clavicle and scapula, along with the hinge joint formed with the ulna at the elbow, allows up and down motion. The radius and ulna form a pivot joint proximally which allows the palm to point up or down. The remaining bones of the arm are the carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges. The saddle joint formed by the thumb allows crossing over the palm. The hip bones major sections are viewed, the articulation at the pubic symphasis, the acetabulum socket, and the formation of a ball and and socket joint allowing specific motion. The femur, tibia, and fibula are the large bones of the leg, with the femur forming a hinge joint at the knee with the tibia.

Today, we studied the function of the thymus and its role in the production of T-Lymphocytes. Lena took her notes and had a great session.

Anatomical arrangement of the vertebral column... Numbering of the vertebra by location, along with their articulations... Discussion of the abnormalities of the curves of the spine. The structure of the rib cage, the number of ribs and their designations along with their articulation on the vertebrae and the sternum.

Today, we studied the importance of sex hormones and how each of them helps the development of the male and female sex secondary characteristics.

The skeleton is divided into 2 divisions, the axial and the appendicular skeleton. The axial consists of the skull, facial bones, vertebral column, and rib cage. The appendicular consists of the leg and arm bones, the shoulder, and the pelvic girdle. The major bones of the skull are viewed and named. The area of the brain protected by each is discussed. The following terms are defined and discussed: Ligaments, joints, sprains, foramen, sutures, and articulation. The major facial bones viewed on a diagram and their functions described. These include the Mandible, the Maxillae, the Nasal bones, the lacrimal bones and the location and function of the sinuses.

During today's class, we have studied that the adrenal glands have two distinct layers, each with their own unique functions. We have also studied these functions and Lena used the rest of the class to take notes.

Today, we defined the functions of the Parathyroid Glands and started working on the Adrenal Glands.
We read the lesson and Lena started taking her notes. She has a great class.

Development of bone by osteoblasts from cartilage formed by fibroblasts during gestation. This is the process of ossification. The incomplete formation of cranial bone, with the formation of fontanel between the plates was pictured in diagrams.The fontanels eventually ossify as the first few years of life progress. Factors which influence bone growth are discussed. They include heredity, nutrition, and hormones.

Description and definition of types of bone tissue, compact bone tissue and spongy bone tissue. Common to both are the presence of osteocytes and matrix. Matrix consists of non living calcium salts. The compact bone looks "solid" but is constructed of cylinders called osteons (see picture) containing bone matrix and osteocytes. Each osteon surrounds a central haversian canal containing blood vessels.Spongy bone appears spongy, contains bone marrow which produces erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets. The classification of bone is observed from diagrams and photos. These are the long bones, the short bones, the flat bones, and the irregular bones. The major areas of location of each seen using a skeletal model.