Outline is the same as for Tuesday of this week.

Examination of the units used to express mass and volume. The definition of weight as the force of gravity on mass is given.The force of gravity listed as 10 Newtons/sec squared. How a scale works by causing springs to move based on the weight of the object was given. The unit of weight is the Newton. The definition of mass presented as the amount of matter. The units of measurement being the kilogram, gram, and milligram. The definition of volume as the amount of space occupied by a given amount of mass was shown, with the unit being the cubic meter, and cubic centimeter. Examples of each were demonstrated, with the mas of some common objects given in grams and the volumes of common substances calculated.

From a prepared lab activity, many physical and chemical properties, such as color, conductivity, and texture were examined. A conductivity set-up was used to test for electrical conductivity. The results and observations were recorded on the lab activity. The production of the gas carbon dioxide was done, the formula shown and some of the properties of the gas listed. The major property of being able to extinguish a flame was demonstrated using a burning splint. Conclusions and questions were listed and answered on the lab activity form.

Standard lab preparation for oxygen gas and hydrogen gas was performed in the lab. The safety precautions were stressed for each prep. Manganese dioxide and hydrogen peroxide was used for the prep of oxygen. The method was air displacement from a collecting test tube, as well as air displacement from a collecting bottle. The hydrogen preparation was done using zinc metal and hydrochloric acid, also by air displacement.

Derive the characteristics of a gas: molecules are spread apart, no definitive shape, no definitive volume. The volume of a gas is determined by the volume of the container. How to calculate the volume of a cube which has sides of 2 cm was shown, and the answer given in cubic centimeters. The volume of the gas enclosed in the cube was also 2 cubic centimeters. The attraction of gas molecules to each other was discussed as the gas was placed in smaller and smaller containers, until the gas particles were so close together and had little kinetic energy, that the gas became a liquid. Conclusions were drawn based on those results.

We ended with crystalline solids on Wed. Amorphous solids were discussed as to structure and compared with crystalline solids. Molecular models were used to demonstrate that the molecules in a solid do not move freely, giving the solid a definite shape. The molecular arrangement in a liquid was demonstrated, showing that the molecules could move about more freely, they had the abitlity to flow. Liquids were shown not to have a definite shape, but would take the shape of the container. Liquids did have mass and volume, which could be determined by using a balance and a graduated cylinder. The characteristic of surface tension was explained and demonstrated with a clip floating on water, with food coloring placed in water and suddenly separating when a drop of soap was inserted, lowering the surface tension. A paper boat placed in a dish of water was caused to move by placing a Q-tip of soap behind it. The air pressure and surface tension was demonstrated using a bottle filled with water, a cardboard card covering the opening and then turned upside down and your hand removed. The card remained attached, due to surface tension and air pressure.

The 3 states of matter were listed; solids, liquids, and gases. The first to be examined were solids. In order to better picture a specific type of solid, a crystalline solid, the microscope was used to examine some crystals of table salt. The proper use of the microscope, including the main parts, the magnification of the objective lenses and eyepiece, and the proper way to focus was exemplified by using a slide of a letter "e" cut from a newspaper. The salt was examined under 3 objective strengths and described. The characteristics of a solid were listed and discussed.

A classwork review of basic chemistry terminology, with examples and demonstrations... This included work on substances, elements,molecules, compounds, and mixtures. Chemical demonstrations were presented, and demonstrations to clarify the types of mixtures, both heterogenous and homogenous.

Wednesday, November 13, 2019
9:00 -10:00, 60 min. -
Physical Science:
Force -
Abby was challenged with answering questions from her text, about force . We worked together and discussed how the force of gravity is constant on this planet, and all objects fall at the same speed, but some resistance is applied by the air. We examined how velocity, time and force are connected.

Textbook questions were reviewed involving elements and compounds. Using molecular models, a few simple compounds like water and carbon dioxide were assembled, and the formulas written and the subscripts explained. Moving to the lab, mixtures of iron and sulfur, salt and pepper, iron, salt and sulfur were compounded, and the properties noted. A definition of a mixture was determined, along with heterogenous and homogenous examples of mixtures.