The structure and genesis. of leukocytes, along with the different shapes as seen using micro-photographs is discussed and listed on the board. The main function of the white blood cells , phagocytosis of bacteria and virus particles as seen through photographs. Their function in antigen-antibody reactions to instill long term immunity to specific disease organisms will be discussed. The shape, genesis , and function of platelets will be outlined as a lead in to the process of blood clotting.

Using the ABO blood typing, and that the type was an inherited characteristic, the dominant and recessive genes were determined. Type A is dominant over O, type B is dominant over O, type AB is co-dominant, and type O is pure recessive. Using punnet squares, the probability of different blood types arising from certain parental crosses were listed. Discussed that prior to DNA testing, blood typing was the only way that parental responsibility could be definitively NOT proved. Certain fetal blood types could not exist if the parents genotype was known.

The function of the accessory organs, the liver, pancreas, and gall bladder in the process of digestion. Enzymes, emulsification, and lipid absorption.

Why did so many soldiers wounded during the civil war die after given a battlefield transfusion? To answer this question, the discovery of different "types" of blood amongst humans was investigated.
Red blood cells may contain on their membranes, specific protein antigens. Two specific antigens were discovered, Antigen A and Antigen B. Four specific blood types were found, depending on whether the blood cell contained antigen A or Antigen B or both or neither. The types were classed as type A, type B, type AB or type O. Also, the plasma of human blood contained specific antibodies related to those antigens. They were antibody A (anti A) and antibody B 9 anti B). Type A blood contained Anti B antibodies, type B contained anti A antibodies. Type AB contained neither anti A or anti B, while type O contained both anti A and anti B. The agglutination caused by transfusing the wrong type of blood was discussed as being caused by the donors blood clotting and not the recipients.

The physiology of red blood cells was the primary objective today. The function of carrying oxygen on hemoglobin molecules, the chemistry of the hemoglobin, the importance of iron in the molecular structure and that 300 million molecules of hemoglobin are found on each red blood cell, with each hemoglobin carrying 4 oxygen molecules, results in a massive amount of oxygen carried to the body cells. The recycling of the iron and cell parts by the liver, after the blood cells have been destroyed by macrophages shows how nature acts.

Continuation of the anatomy and physiology of human blood. The cellular portion of the blood centrifugation was introduced. The red blood cells were shown using micro photographs. Their shape as biconcave discs related to the fact that they do not contain a distinct nucleus and therefore cannot reproduce. Where and how they are produced was discussed, along with a charts of stem cells producing immature and eventually mature red blood cells. Being produced in the marrow of the long bones of the body, like the sternum, led to a discussion of the living nature of bone and blood cells being added to the blood vessels which enter the bone. Study for test on digestion

The biology and physiology if the liquid plasma was discussed in terms of makeup, functions, pH value, viscosity, color, and distribution function.

Introductory lesson on blood. The functions of blood: transportation of nutrients, waste products of cells, hormones and blood gases... The regulation of fluid electrolyte balance, acid base balance and body temperature.... the protection against pathogens and excess loss of blood due to injury. Each of these was discussed in detail.

The anatomy, presented in diagrams, and the functions of the large intestine were presented. All relevant terms were presented and used, such as feces, defecation, anal sphincter, water and mineral absorption, vitamin absorption, as well as the vestigial organ, the appendix. Nerve and muscular control was also discussed.

The chemical digestion in the small intestine of carbohydrates and proteins was shown to completion. The chemical structure of lipids was shown, as well as the inability of lipids to dissolve in water. Emulsions and emulsifying agents were explained, along with the fact that for the lipase enzyme to work, the fat must be in water. The action of bile from the liver and gall bladder was discussed, as an emulsifying agent. Diagrams and photos of villi were used to show the increase in surface area and increased absorption into the blood of the digested nutrients