The cause,the physiological affect, the anatomy affected, the method of spreading, the testing for, and the the treatments used in cases of tuberculosis. Pneumonia as an infectious disease was discussed in terms of focus of roots of infection and aspiration. The hereditary disorder of cystic fibrosis was presented as a disease that involves the gastrointestinal tract and the pulmonary system.

A series of respiratory disorders was listed for discussion. These included; asthma, emphysema, pneumonia, tuberculosis, histoplasmosis, infections, and colds. The physiology and pharmacology of asthma was discussed, as an antigen-antibody reaction and a broncho constriction. The triggering devices and the characteristics of asthma were listed and explained. The effect on the smooth muscle in the bronchioles along with mucus buildup, inflammation and dyspnea were introduced. The typical pharmacological treatments of bronchodilators like epinephrine along with anti-inflammatories, like corticosteroid inhalers were briefly discussed.

Discussion on pressure, air pressure, volume, and relationship between volume and pressure... Anatomy of the pleural cavity showing lungs, ribs and muscles, and diaphragm... How the diaphragm and the ribs move to increase the pleural cavity, reduce the pleural pressure below atmospheric pressure and have air rush into the lungs due to the decrease in internal pressure... Expiration was shown to be the reverse reaction. The stimulus of these muscles by brain messages, and the control of the the stimulus from the higher regions was discussed.

Wednesday, November 13, 2019
1:30 -2:30, 60 min. -
Physiology:
The Heart -
Vlad was challenged with labeling different parts of the Human heart, and answering questions about form and function. We worked together and discussed how blood enters the left Atrium from the Vena Cava, descends through the AV valve, into the left ventricle and then is pumped into the lungs. We also noticed that blood returns from the lungs into the Right atrium. The blood descends through the mitral valve, into the right ventricle and then is pumped through the Aorta to the extremities of the body..

A series of definitions were presented: ventolation, inhalation, expiration, intercostal,and diaphragm. The mechanics of breathing involving atmospheric pressure and pleural pressure, movement of the diaphragm and ribs, increasing chest cavity and lowering pleural pressure causing external air to rush in. Expiration was presented as the opposite procedure. The brain and nerve control was presented. A few disorders of the respiratory system, asthma and pneumonia were discussed.

The anatomy of the plural cavity, the branching of the brochiole tubes eventually into bronchioles, and the anatomy and physiology of the alveoli was presented. The anatomy of the thorax and the enclosing of the lungs into the pleural cavity was shown, with diagrams. This was the precursor for the next lesson.

Anatomy and physiology of the larynx, trachea, bronchial tubes, bronchi, bronchioli, lungs,diaphragm, and alveoli.

The anatomy and physiology of the respiratory system was continued from the region of the pharynx to the bronchi division into the lungs. The warming, moisturizing of the air, the position of the olfactory receptors and the stimulation of the olfactory nerve and translation of the scent by the brain was discussed. The anatomy of the larynx and the physiology of the epiglottis and the trachea was discussed, with the importance in keeping the air passage open and clear.

Introductory lesson into the purpose of the respiratory system, the difference between cellular respiration and organism respiration. The gases exchanged, and the function of oxygen in metabolism. The anatomy of the upper respiratory system was discussed, along with the physiology. This included the nose, nasal openings, nasal cavity, mucus membranes and cilia.

Physiologists, psychologists, and pharmacologists seem to agree that one of the main causes of depression mood involves chemical imbalance. The neurotransmitters involved are Serotonin, Dopamine, and norepinephrine (noradrenaline). The effect of each on different brain areas was discussed, as well as the main psychological affects. A Venn diagram was used to show that they all work together in producing "mood", and that a lack of one or more, can lead to anxiety or depression. Serotonin was used to describe how the specific binding to receptors allowed for the stimulation of areas of the brain which are involved with pleasure and happiness. The normal destruction of serotonin by specific enzymes secreted into the synapse will cause a decrease or halting of the "happy" mood. How selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors work to decrease the destructive enzymes of serotonin and prolong the effects of serotonin and dopamine was discussed.