We began by reviewing a H.W. assessment. Anna answered a question and wrote an essay about how colonialism rested on violence and coercion, but it also generated cooperation and benefits for some people. Anna seems to have a good grasp of this complex issue. We examined imperialism in Africa. European colonies in Africa were essentially dictatorships. We also discussed apartheid in South Africa and its ongoing tragic legacy. We then began to study Chapter 10. We looked at the decline of China and the Ottoman Empire throughout the 19th century. In China, we looked at the Taiping Rebellion from 1850-1864, the Opium Wars in the mid-19th century and the Boxer Rebellion from 1898-1901. The last Chinese emperor abdicates in 1912. As the 19th century closes, the Ottoman Empire can no longer equate with the industrial and military power of Europe. It is weakened from within as there are multitudes of ethnic, linguistic and religious groups seeking independence. In 1908, a group called the Young Turks comes to power in Turkey. They advocate for Turks to lead the Ottoman Empire, for military, secular public life and modernization. They are not very tolerant of other nationalities within the Ottoman Empire and this will lead to horrific consequences in WWI. By the dawn of the 20th century, China and the Ottoman Empire were "semi-colonies" of the western world.