In this section of the novel, external forces begin to intensify the novel's conflicts. Accordingly we addressed Hemingway's terse dialogues in terms of literary naturalism. We first analogized the "fixed " horse racing chapter to Hemingway's view of life as a race that one can not win. We discussed fatalism and pessimism as a characteristic of naturalism but not necessarily a characteristic of the related genre of realism. Olivia further discussed the recurring symbolism of rain . Last, we analyzed Hemingway's philosophy on bravery and courage as manifested in the protagonist's speech paraphrasing Julius Caesar's comment in the Shakespeare play that cowards die many times before their death. For Hemingway, experiencing fear is a sign of intelligence . Hemingway's heroes must ,however, exhibit bravery and grace in the face of death .