Spain's dysfunctional government and unstable economy were both impacted by the Great Depression. In the 1930s, the people of Spain voted to make Spain a republic, though trouble arrived when Spaniards had to decide exactly what type of republic they wanted. The socialist reforms carried out by the left-wing Popular Front were vehemently opposed by the traditional landowning classes and the church, who encouraged a right-wing response. Political instability and civil war plagued Spain for most of the 1930s. After the nationalist revolt began, the right-wing response became fascist in nature under General Francisco Franco. Franco's eventual triumph in early 1939 spelled doom for thousands of Spanish republicans, communists, and political dissidents. His government carried out major crackdowns on communists, socialists, and other political dissidents. Though estimates vary, approximately 100,000 republican prisoners were either executed or died in concentration camps following Franco's victory. Historians estimate that nearly a half-million Spaniards died in the conflict.