President Eisenhower entered office in 1953 and immediately implemented polices to combat communist expansion through diplomacy, containment and brinkmanship. Eisenhower stood firm against international communist expansion. He supported brinkmanship, which called for escalating tensions so that the opponent falters. He monitored communism in Egypt, Guatemala the Philippines and South Vietnam. In his farewell address, Eisenhower warned against the rise of the military-industrial complex in the US. John F. Kennedy became president when the US and USSR had become engaged in a nuclear arms race. The Soviets built the Berlin Wall in 1961 as a result of the Cold War, with the wall becoming a symbol of communism. JFK saw it as the perfect place to deliver an anti-communist speech and give support to those seeking freedom. The Bay of Pigs invasion, in which America attempted to overthrow the Cuban communist leader, Fidel Castro, was not successful. Tensions between the US and the USSR were further heightened when the Soviets placed nuclear weapons in Cuba, leading to the Cuban Missile Crisis, in which the Soviets had nuclear weapons within close range of America. Fortunately, Kennedy's negotiations were successful and an agreement was reached, which avoided nuclear war. Kennedy implemented new foreign policies that were referred to as the New Frontier. Kennedy worked to fight communism by creating international programs such as the Peace Corps.