Article II of the US Constitution sets out the powers of the executive branch, which consists of the president. The president has power over conduct in international affairs, official appointments and the administration of federal programs, as well as in the legislative process. The modern president has far more power than his 18th and 19th century counterparts. This is in large part due to the increased demands upon modern governments. Many powers not explicitly granted to the president in the Constitution have been inferred. The inherent powers include sending troops into battle without congressional approval and invoking executive privilege. Some fear that such inferred authority grants too much power to the president. Most inherent presidential powers are executive actions. Modern presidents often face a hostile Congress that may obstruct the presidential legislative agenda. Executive actions, which do not require congressional approval, are an option presidents take to pass their agendas. However, executive actions lack the permanence of law. It is frequently the case that a president's executive actions, especially those most controversial, are simply overturned by the next president. But, despite vastly different conditions from one presidential administration to another, the Framers' principle of separate branches of government each with the authority to interfere in the other's actions still holds - as it should. For the Constitution is the supreme law of the U.S.