1) common functions in algebra: including f(x)=c, f(x)=x, f(x)=abs(x), f(x)=sqrt(x), f(x)=x^2, f(x)=x^3; 2) Vertical and horizontal shifts: vertical shift g(x)=f(x)+c or f(x)-c; horizontal shift: g(x)=f(x+c) or f(x-c); 3) Reflecting graphs: reflection in x-axis h(x)=-f(x); reflection in y-axis h(x)=f(-x); 4) Nonrigid transformations (stretching and shrinking): for vertical transformations y=cf(x), stretch if c is greater than one, shrink if c is between 0 and 1; for horizontal transformations, shrink if c is greater than one and stretch if c is between 0 and 1