Chem ap testing

Define using examples what is a chemical polymer. Differentiate between natural and synthesized polymers. Present formulas for some common polymers, like Bakerlite, Rayon, and cellulose. Discuss some common uses. Introduce polyethylene, polystyrene, and poyvinyl chloride.

Introduce natural and synthetic polymers. Define both and define polymer. Discuss proteins and nucleic acids as naturally occurring polymers, with molecular masses in the millions. Present some recently developed artificial polymers, along with their structural formulas, common names and uses. Elicit how how to identify the structural formulas.

Outline and discuss the formation of plutonium from neutron bombardment of uranium. Outline and discuss all the steps which involve beta emission and neutron bombardment which culminate in the formation of the plutonium nucleus. Discuss the toxicity of plutonium.

Discuss esterification. Use formulas of organic acids and alcohols to depict how an ester is formed by dehydration. Introduce the general formula and highlight that the oxygen atom between the alcohol and the acid is part of the alcohol moiety. Use examples of esters to indicate the nomenclature. Introduce salts of esters formed by reactions with sodium hydroxide. Discuss and show examples of esters which are used in food and drinks and are listed as artificial taste ingredients. Discuss and show synthesis of oil of wintergreen which is methyl salicylate.

From a sketch of the structural formula for salicylic acid and acetic anhydride, write the synthesis for the product acetyl salicylic acid, which is aspirin. Discuss how when the product decomposes with moisture, acetic acid is released, which is vinegar. Determine that the smell of vinegar when a bottle of aspirin is opened indicates that the aspirin is decomposing and not up to strength. Draw the structural formula for N-acetyl para amino acid, which is acetaminophen (Tylenol). Note the structural likeness and discuss why both are analgesics. Introduce amides , their general formula and resonance atoms.

Define, discuss and present examples of amine aromatic hydrocarbons. Discus how they are chemically related to an ammonia molecule, in which one hydrogen in ammonia is replaced by a hydrocarbon group. The general formula becomes R-NH2. Explain primary, secondary and tertiary amines. Discuss nomenclature using examples. Present puitricine, cadaverine, and aniline as examples to demonstrate properties. Review and discuss homework questions from Thursday.

Discuss the general formula for aldehydes and ketones. Present a few common aldehydes and structural formulas. Include formaldehyde used in preservation, oil of almond, vanillin, and cinnamaldehyde. ketones would include acetone as the primary ketone (nail polish remover). Determine the IUPAC name for each example.

Outline the difference between alcohol and ether functional groups. From sample formulas demonstrate that ether molecules are created from an alcohol hydrocarbon substitution on the hydroxyl hydrogen. Present nomenclature through examples. Discuss uses of ethers as solvents and in medicine. Introduce halogenated ether molecules which are safer to administer than the traditional diethyl ether molecules. Note boiling point differences between alcohols and ethers, due to one small atomic change.

Define organic functional groups and use a general formula R-X. List some common functional groups which are present in aromatic hydrocarbons. Discuss alcohols and the alcohol functional group, OH. Review the nomenclature rules for naming alcohols, and use a few examples. Show the different ways of naming the same alcohol, using the official name, the common name, the usual name, and the old name. Define diols and triol alcohols, show structural formulas and discuss some usual and common names.