Lab to determine the water of hydration attached to copper sulfate hydrate. Lab involved very accurate measurements of both hydrous and the formed anhydrous compound.

Outline for tomorrow's lab a standard procedure to determine the water of hydration for a crystal. View a short video and discuss how this water is only physically bound to the crystal, not chemically. Using the chemical formula for a sample crystal, show how to indicate the water of hydration, and how to remove it from the compound.

Define and discuss hydrates, anhydrous, and hydrous. Review the water of hydration formulas. Using a known hydrate, hydrated barium chloride, work through, step by step, procedure to determine the water of hydration. This involves not only the physical method but also the mathematical formulation, and determination of moles of water and anhydrous barium sulfate. Once moles are determined, the mole ratio is found which will determine the moles of water attached to each mole of barium.

Questions examining Ben's ability to balance equations, determine types of chemical reactions, and convert moles to molecules.

Define chemically a hydrate. Introduce the terms hydrous and anhydrous, show examples. Show how to write the ionic formula for a hydrous compound, and how to properly name the compound. Use examples to demonstrate how to convert a hydrous compound into an anhydous comppound.

Using the step by step instructions from Ben's chemistry made easy textbook, the molar mass of some designated compounds were calculated. These included carbon dioxide, potassium hydroxide, and calcium chloride.
Introduce the chemistry of hydrates, and define all terms.

Copy notes from the board reviewing and explaining converting moles to particles and particles to moles. Work chemical problems which define how to determine the mass of a mole of an element and also the mass of a mole of a compound. Work two or three examples.

Outline chemistry problems which solve for the number of moles of a substance given the mass, and the mass of a substance given the number of moles. Show how to determine the molar mass of elements and molecules. Work a number of problems using Avogadro's number, indicate a simple method to solve the problems mathematically.

Review how to determine the atomic mass and/or molecular mass of a substance. Reintroduce Avogadro's number. Define the mole based on the atomic mass of carbon. Introduce how to determine the gram molecular mass. Relate the fact that the gram molecular mass is equivalent to 1 mole of the substance. Set up a mathematical equation to determine the number of grams given the moles and mole mass.

Ben worked on a "Gram Formula Mass" assignment, which required him to compute the atomic mass of compounds using the Periodic Table of Elements. Ben then watched a "styrogyro" YouTube video, where a humorous young chemist works with a 1933 chemistry recipe book - making fluorescent crayons with uranium- among other unbelievable things!