Introduce the self ionization of water into hydrogen and hydroxide ions. Show it as an equilibrium equation. Discuss the concentration of hydrogen(hydronium ) ions and hydroxide ions formed, and the concentrations being 1x10-7 moles for each, at equilibrium. State and write the equilibrium constant expression for water and note -that it is 1 x 10^-14. Use the Kw expression to determine the concentration of OH- ions when [H+] ions are given and vice versa. Discuss how to determine if a solution is acidic or basic based on the concentrations of ions. Work 2-3 examples
sketch the structural formulas for some common aromatic acids, benzoic and salicylic acid. Show how to form the sodium salt of the acids using a sodium hydroxide base. Discuss how the salicylic acid was used originally as an analgesic. Show how the salicylic acid was changed to the sodium salicylate which was much more easy on the stomach. Discuss how the sodium salicylate was chemically changed to the acetyl salicylic acid molecule, which is known as aspirin. Discuss the effects of each of the analgesics.
Review expression to determine the acid constant. Review why some acids are stronger than others based on the acid constant number derived from the expression. Introduce the base ionization constant, Kb. Review what ion is produced by dissociation which makes a substance a base. Discuss the ionization constant expression and how to solve for it mathematically. Discuss and compare Kb numbers and determine which bases are stronger.
Discuss the structural formula for salicylic acid and discuss some uses. From the structural formula construct a model of the acid. Discuss the salt formed, sodium salicylate and its uses. From the salt, show how the salicylic acid can be acetylated, forming acetyl salicylic acid, ASA. commonly known as aspirin
Discuss subjective determination of acid strength. Introduce a objective, mathematical approach based on acid ionization. Write a general formula to indicate the ionization of acid HX into H+ ions and X- ions. Present the ionization formula determination for an acid as Ka. Ka = product of the concentration of products/product of the concentration of reactants. ( ) is read as the product of whatever is inside. (H+) is the concentration of hydrogen ions. Example with HF. Ka = (H+) (F-) l/ (HF). (water) remains constant. From a chart of Ka and the given Ka for hydrofluoric acid and acetic acid, determine which is stronger and why
Defining organic acids based on the Arrhenius model. Describe how an organic acid reacts as an acid based on its hydrolysis in water to form a hydrogen, and eventually, a hydronium ion. Show how an organic acid will form a salt upon reaction with a known hydroxide base. Determine the name of the salt which forms.
Test on reaction types, mole determination, conversion of moles to grams, conversion of grams to moles, calculations of atomic mass and particle number-
