We began with reviewing Anna's Chapter 16 assessment essay. We then resumed covering the material in Chap. 17. We began with the growth of socialism and Marxism during the industrial revolution. Marx referred to the impoverished working class as the "proletariat." He encouraged the proletariat to rise up against "captains of industry." But Marx couldn't forsee the development of a sizable middle class and that in many countries, workers could improve their standard of living in a capitalist framework.
Capitalist societies developed some capacity for reform. They abolished child labor, wages rose, infant mortality dropped, commercial shopping became accessible, factory conditions were more regulated and sanitary improvement cleaned up cities. We then discussed the growth of nationalism and how it caused people to be more loyal to their countries than to their class. From 1815 - 1939, new migrations of people from Europe (20% of their population) of 50-55 million moved to the USA, Australia, New Zealand and elsewhere for new opportunities. This overwhelmed Aborigine and Maori populations in Australia and New Zealand.Many European colonies in Africa were established in this period and we looked at a map on p. 756. 80& of Europeans who immigrated to Latin America went to Brazil and Argentina, altering the class structure of these countries - to this day. 32 million European immigrants arrived in the U.S. between 1820 - 1930. This contributed to Western Expansion, the displacement of Native Americans and racism against non-protestant immigrants. Industrialization globalizes - spreads to other countries. This leads to the growth of middle and factory labor classes. Women begin to participate in the working class. We reviewed the growth of socialist and Marxist movements the lead to conflict in many European nations. We concluded with Industrialization in the U.S. It begins in New England in the 1820s and spreads after the Civil War. By 1914, the U.S. is the world's leading industrial power. It pioneered mass production, interchangeable parts, assembly line and advertising. We looked at tenements and the plight of U.S. workers.

The Industrial Revolution began in Western Europe and was centered in Great Britain.This is because Great Britain was the world leader in the textile industry at the time. An increased world population in the mid-1700s pushed limits on resources. The Industrial Revolution was the human response to this dilemma. This new era was given another name: the "Anthropocene Age," - the "Age of Man." Great Britain had resources to fuel the dawn of industry, as well.The availability of coal and iron led to their leadership in the railroad and textile industries. There was also a rising middle class in Great Britain. No longer a land of aristocrats and peasants, 20% of the population was now comprised of middle and lower middle class people. 70% of the population were laborers. These people worked long hours in cities and the country in factories or farms. A political philosopher, Karl Marx, noted the difficult and sometimes miserable lives of the laboring class. In his book, "The Communist Manifesto," he encourages those in oppressed classes to engage in social protest. This era is also the age of new forms of government from capitalism to socialism and Marxism.

Today we completed Chap. 16 and we covered a vast array of history, picking up where we left off in our previous class. We reviewed the American and French Revolutions, the Haitian Revolution, Spanish American revolutions throughout Central and South America and the gradual abolition of slavery in England, and the Americas. We looked at the Russian Decembrist Revolt against Czar Nicholas I. We reviewed the era of Radical Reconstruction after the the Civil War. At the end of the 19th century, we see the rise of a new movement: Nationalism. We briefly discussed positive and negative aspects of nationalism. We concluded with looking at the Feminist movement that gains momentum in the 19th century. HW has been assigned for spring break: start reading Chapter 17, pp. 737-753.

Brief phone lesson/update due to some IT issues. Anna and I connected over the phone. Her number is: (561) 779-6059. We rescheduled our lesson for tomorrow at 2:30pm. (I got approval for this from Elise and Pascale and then called Anna back.) I asked Anna to keep her phone close all day tomorrow as our IT Dept. may reach out to her. Anna said she is using her Mom's laptop and she is not sure if the Microsoft Office software is accessible on it. Anna was supposed to have a Chap. 16 test today, but that is being put on hold. We need one more lesson before the test that can wait until after spring break. I also shared that she may begin reading Chap. 17 over spring break and we could speak more about it tomorrow.

Today we began to look closely at the Atlantic Revolutions in a global context. Why did they occur between 1775 - 1825 and what did they have in common? We reviewed the reasons for and the results of the American Revolutionary Period from 1775 - 1787. How did it influence the French Revolution in 1789? These two revolutions turned out to be very different from one another and we discussed those differences. We also noted that women played a greater role in the French Revolution. What was the Reign of Terror? How did Napoleon's leadership bring an end to the French Revolution in 1799? What was Napoleon's impact on European and world history? Finally, we looked at the Haitian Revolution (1791 - 1804), led by Toussaint Louverture. Anna will take a test on this Chapter next Wed., 3/18. It will be comprised of 30 multiple choice, 13 matching and 3 short answer (1 paragraph) questions. Anna received the study guide today. We reviewed the HW reading and Anna began work on her study guide.

We started a new chapter today and today's class was an overview of what will be covered from 1750 - 1900. This chapter will cover the American, French, Haitian and Latin American Revolutions. It will also include the Age of Napoleon and its impact on Europe, the anti-slavery movement, the Civil War and the abolition of slavery and 19th century industrialization. Anna will also learn about Russian czars and the state of Russia in the mid-19th century, the unification of Germany and Italy and the women's rights movement in 19th century America.

We spent the period today reviewing for the Chap. 15 Test Anna will take this Wed., 3/4. We reviewed the study guide I made for Anna.She knows she must work on it at home to prepare for the test. Anna also knows the composition of the test will include 30 multiple choice, 15 matching and four short (1 paragraph) questions.

The "kaozheng" movement in China...how King Akbar of the Mughal Empire in India helped to bridge the divide between Hinduism and Islam. New religions in India included Bakhti Hinduism and Sikhism. We discussed why the Scientific Revolution began in W. Europe. One of the reasons is the founding of universities in Paris, Bologna, Oxford, Cambridge and Salamanca. These universities were not religious institutions and they had courses of study in what was then known as "natural philosophy" (the sciences). We then reviewed the contributions of 13 Enlightenment scientists/astronomers/mathematicians/philosophers to the Scientific Revolution and history. We had a good talk about the vital importance of highlighting text, taking class notes, thorough completion of accompanying text handouts, review of chapter study guides was also encouraged and emphasized. Anna knows the Chap. 15 assessment will be next Wed., 3/4.

The Protestant Reformation of 1517 shattered the unity of the Catholic Church. Initiated by Martin Luther and his 95 Theses - he criticized what he perceived to be corruption in the Catholic Church. His writings spread through the printing press and led to the "Great Schism" in Christianity. The Counter-Reformation /Council of Trent (1545-1563), the Thirty Year War (1618-1648) ends with the Peace of Westphalia. We reviewed Anna's test results from last Wed. She has the next full week of assignments through to Monday, March 2, 2020.

Anna took the test on Chapter 14 - Economic Transformations during today's session.