We covered the battles of Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville both won by the South. When Gen. Lee invaded the North, the armies met at Gettysburg, PA on July 1, 1863. Gen. George Meade led the Union & the battle lasted for 3 days. At first, the South held on, but the last attack, known as Pickett's Charge, proved deadly & barely 1/2 of the South's soldiers returned. Gen. Lee claimed, "It's all my fault," retreating with his troops to VA. Gen. Grant's army laid siege to Vicksburg, MS. On July 4, 1863, Vicksburg surrendered. These Union victories marked a turning point in the war, driving Lee's army to retreat and cutting the South in two. On Nov. 19. 1863, Lincoln delivered his famous Gettysburg Address at a ceremony there. The speech helped war-weary Americans look beyond war and focus on shared ideals. In Nov. 1863, Union Gen. William T. Sherman won the Battle of Lookout Mtn. in Chattanooga, TN. Lincoln named Gen. Grant commander of all Union forces. Grant sends Gen. Sherman to lead troops on a "March to the Sea" from TN through Atlanta to Savannah, GA. - total war - leaving a path of destruction behind. Grant leads the Army of the Potomac to smash Lee's troops. In Sept. 1864, David Farragut led a Union fleet into Mobile, AL, gaining control of the Gulf of Mexico and Sherman captured Atlanta. In Oct. Gen. Sheridan's forces drove the Confederate army out of much of VA. Lincoln wins the election of 1864. Richmond, VA falls on April 2, 1862. On April 4, Lincoln walked through the streets of VA where an elderly African American man approached him, bowed & tearfully said, "May God bless you." Lincoln removed his own hat and bowed in return. On April 9, 1865, Gen. Lee & his troops surrender at Appomattox Court House. We then discussed the results of the Civil War.

After the start of the Civil War, reality soon set in. Both sides suffered terrible losses. New rifles during the Civil war fired with greater accuracy than earlier muskets. Medical facilities were overwhelmed and under supplied. Such horrors caused many soldiers to desert because of fear, hunger & sickness. Southern forces were undernourished & starving. Women took on new responsibilities during the war becoming teachers, office & govt. workers & sales clerks or the sole provider of their households. Many women perished from starvation, violence, grief and anxiety while trying to maintain life at home. As war dragged on, the South ran out of almost everything due to shortages from the blockade. Some women worked as spies or on the front lines. Thousands served as nurses. Dorothea Dix, Clara Barton & Sally Tompkins served as nurses and helped to est. military hospitals. Drafts and bounties for soldiers to enlist caused opposition. The most angry draft protest in NYC lasted for 4 days in 1863. War strained the economies of the North & South. Both sides borrowed money and imposed taxes & printed more $. Northern $ were called greenbacks. Prices rose & inflation occurred. Jefferson Davis declared military law and suspended habeas corpus in the South. The Civil War was a modern war: total war & devastation.

On Jan. 1, 1863, Lincoln signed the Emancipation Proclamation. But since the war was still raging, it didn't actually free anyone. But the U.S. govt. was working on this. In 1864, Republican leaders in Congress prepared an amendment to abolish slavery in the U.S. In 1865, the 13th Amendment was passed and ratified. The Emancipation Proclamation permitted African Americans to join the Union Army. When the war began, 3.5 million slaves comprised 30% of the South's population. By the end of the war, 1/6 of fled to areas controlled by the Union Army. Interestingly, Robert E. Lee supported African Americans joining his ranks & he believed that those who fought should be freed. In the North, African Americans were permitted to serve in the navy before the they were allowed in the army. African Americans who escaped slavery proved to be especially useful as guides & spies because of their knowledge of the South. The great Harriet Tubman repeatedly spied behind Confederate lines. By the end of the war, nearly 200,000 African Americans served in the Union forces & 37,000 lost their lives. One of the most famous African American regimens was the 54th Massachusetts. We also covered the lives of soldiers, women in the war, war and the economy and the end of the Civil War.

Bella was given some time in class to work on her Spanish quizzes. She completed 2 quizzes during class. She benefited from having a teacher present while she worked on these specific quizzes.

After completing this assignment, she was given the opportunity to explore on a Spanish search engine.

She chose to read about celebrities. She commented on how quickly the newscasters on the channel speak.

2-3 Standard Form – We reviewed the steps to write and graph linear equations in standard form. We practiced changing from standard form to slope-intercept form.
Assignment: For homework complete assigned problems.

Point-Slope Form – Review for test on Topic 2 Linear Equations. We practiced how to write an equation in point-slope form from a graph. Then we practiced writing the equation from two points on the line. Next we practiced how to use the standard form to plot a graph, find the slope, and x, y-intercepts.
Assignment: For homework complete assigned problems.

Bella read and discussed a chapter from Where the Crawdads Sing. She then responded to a quote, "the heart pain seeped away like water into the sand. Kya laid her hand on the breathing wet Earth, and the marsh had become her mother." Bella discussed the personification and its effect on Kya's character development.

We wrapped up Lewis structures. We started learning how to name covalent compounds.

Bella and I focused on conversing in Spanish today.

We discussed topics that are familiar and comfortable to Bella in English such as her dog Bently, common food items like water/gatorade bottles, and food.

During the discussion, I sent her messages through the teams chat service to reinforce central ideas. These ideas included key vocabulary from her 55 verb list, the conditional tense, verbs and vocabulary that she recently learned while studying about restaurants.

We also listened to a song in Spanish.

We practice drawing Lewis structures.